There is a "moral duty" to get all children back into schools in England next month, Boris Johnson has said.
Writing in the Mail on Sunday, he said it was the "national priority" after months without in-person education during the coronavirus pandemic.
Government advisers have warned of risks in the plans to open up society.
Geoff Barton, head of the Association of School and College Leaders (ASCL) union, said schools should have been a priority "right from the beginning".
The prime minister is understood to have made clear that schools should be the last sector to shut in any future local lockdowns.
A Downing Street source said Mr Johnson believes the harm being done to children's education prospects and mental health by not attending school is far more damaging than the risk posed to them by the virus.
The source said in the event of future stricter local lockdowns, the PM's expectation was that schools would be the last sector to be closed, after businesses like shops and pubs.
Schools across the UK closed on 20 March, except to children of key workers or vulnerable children. On 1 June, they began a limited reopening for early years pupils, Reception, Year 1 and Year 6.
The current plan is for most children across the country to be back in class by next month.
Guidance on reopening has been published for England. There are also separate plans for Wales, Northern Ireland and also Scotland, where schools are scheduled to return from Tuesday.
In his article, Mr Johnson said: "This pandemic isn't over, and the last thing any of us can afford to do is become complacent.
"But now that we know enough to reopen schools to all pupils safely, we have a moral duty to do so."
The PM also warned of the "spiralling economic costs" of parents and carers being unable to work.
He added: "Keeping our schools closed a moment longer than absolutely necessary is socially intolerable, economically unsustainable and morally indefensible."
'First to open'
But Mr Barton, from the ASCL union, said that greater clarity - rather than rhetoric - was needed from the government. He cited confusion over masks following suggestions secondary school pupils would be expected to wear such coverings on school buses but not in classrooms.
Mr Barton told the BBC: "If the government is always on the back foot, putting us in the position of trying to then make some kind of sense out of their guidance, school leaders will do that, but it is a little bit rich I think to be hearing a prime minister say this is a priority. It should have been a priority right from the beginning."
The children's commissioner for England, Anne Longfield, told BBC Breakfast: "They [schools] should be the last to close their doors and the first to open." She added that she would like to see testing and tracing systems in place more often in schools.
Virologist Dr Chris Smith told BBC Breakfast that reducing the amount that people are socialising could provide more "flexibility" to enable schools to return, and argued that opening schools should take priority over pubs and restaurants.
Schools minister Nick Gibb said this week that the government could not "decree" that classroom education would be prioritised, as decisions would be made by local health chiefs.
However, he told the BBC all children in England would be returning to school next month, including in those areas currently affected by local lockdowns, amid a spike in cases. These include Preston, Greater Manchester, Leicester and parts of east Lancashire and West Yorkshire, where measures focussing on restricting social interaction between households have been put in place.
A rise in cases in a number of areas across England prompted the prime minister to pause the easing of the lockdown nationally last month.
Speaking at the time, Prof Chris Whitty, the chief medical officer for England, warned the nation had "probably reached near the limit or the limits" of what can be done to reopen society safely.
"What that means, potentially, is if we wish to do more things in the future we may have to do less of some other things," he said.
Prof Neil Ferguson, a former member of the government's scientific advisory group, Sage, whose modelling led to the decision to impose the lockdown, also suggested ministers would need to "row back on the relaxation of restrictions" to allow a full-time return to schools and keep the virus under control.
Meanwhile, the Labour Mayor of Greater Manchester, Andy Burnham, said the government needed to improve its test and trace system or consider closing pubs ahead of schools reopening.
Elsewhere, Labour has called on the government to halt a "jobs bonfire" by giving targeted assistance to industries and businesses still shut down by the pandemic.
Bowling alleys, casinos and beauty salons were among the businesses that were prevented from reopening at the end of last month, for at least a fortnight.
Figures obtained by the BBC show that the number of firms that notified the government in June about plans to cut 20 or more jobs was five times higher than in the same month last year,
On Saturday, the UK reported a further 55 people had died after testing positive for coronavirus, taking the total to 46,566. A further 758 people tested positive for Covid-19.
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Are you a parent of a child due to return to school in the autumn? Share your experiences by emailing haveyoursay@bbc.co.uk.
Please include a contact number if you are willing to speak to a BBC journalist.
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