A rare manuscript featuring early calculations that led to Albert Einstein's general theory of relativity sold for just over $13 million at an auction in Paris Tuesday, becoming the most expensive manuscript by the famed scientist.
The 54-page document was originally expected to fetch as much as $3.5 million, but went for nearly quadruple the pre-sale estimate. British auction house Christie’s told NBC News they will not be disclosing who won the final bid.
The manuscript might have been consigned to history were it not for a decision by one of the physicist’s friends and colleagues.
It was preserved by Swiss-Italian engineer Michele Besso, who worked on the calculations with the Nobel Prize winner.
Einstein's genius did not tend to extend to saving early drafts of his work, Christie's explained on its website, making the document all the more rare and potentially valuable.
Contained within it is the preparatory work that helped lead to the discovery of Einstein’s famous theory, which has continued to shape the way we view the cosmos since it was first put forth on Nov. 25, 1915, forever changing our understanding of gravitation.
"It was one of the most important documents on Einstein’s road to general relativity," Prof. Hanoch Gutfreund, the former president of the Hebrew University of Jerusalem, told NBC News in a phone interview on Tuesday.
Einstein helped found the university, which is home to the Albert Einstein Archives.
Gutfreund said the manuscript was crucial to Einstein's "intellectual and scientific journey towards the general theory of relativity."
"He developed this theory, he almost reached the correct formulation, he misinterpreted it, he put it aside," he said. But, eventually, Einstein would get it right, making his early work a "very important step" in his discovery.
Christie's also described the pages as "one of the most important scientific documents of the 20th century."
The pages are filled with sprawling calculations and crossed-out symbols, mainly written in ink.
Twenty-six of the pages appear to be written in Einstein's hand, while 3 contain entries from both the physicist and Besso, with the remaining 25 written by the latter, according to Christie's.
"The manuscript isn’t bound, and there are many different types of loose paper, so you get the impression of a working document that’s full of energy, as if both men would grab the first page they could find to scribble their findings on," Vincent Belloy, a specialist in books and manuscripts at Christie’s Paris, said in a statement shared by the auction house.
The duo set out to explain an anomaly in Mercury’s orbit using elements of the equations Einstein would go on to feature in his theory of general relativity.
But the pair would eventually realize that while they were on the right path, their equations were not quite right. Einstein would go on to correct his work independently, leading to his theory of relativity.
Belloy added that it was still unclear how Besso came to end up with the pages and whether he “took the manuscript or if Einstein sent it to him, asking him to work through their findings.”
Either way, Besso kept the manuscript in “impeccable” condition at his home until his death in 1995.
Astrophysicist Etienne Klein said the manuscript played an important role in forever changing "the narrative behind the birth of an incredible theory."
In an interview shared online by Christie's, Klein said the manuscript showed that Einstein's discovery was not born overnight, but was the conclusion of a yearslong process.
It shows that "the foundation was laid" for the discovery years before Einstein would unveil his revolutionary theory, he said.
Meanwhile, a letter penned by Einstein describing "extreme anti-Semitism" in America, where he fled in 1933 to avoid persecution in Nazi Germany, is also set to go up for auction on Tuesday in Jerusalem, Israel.
In the letter, which was written to Austrian-Jewish painter Bruno Eisner, Einstein describes feeling "very lonely" and asserting that "there exists here a tremendous (degree of) anti-Semitism, especially in academia."
In May, a letter in which Einstein wrote out his famous E=mc2 equation, was sold through Boston-based auction house RR Auction for more than $1.2 million — three times the expected amount.
For his part, Gutfreund said he has long hoped to see the manuscript that helped lead to the general theory of relativity handed over to the Hebrew University of Jerusalem, which he said he believed would have been Einstein’s wish.
“I wish we had the original but the price seems to be too high for us even to begin to compete,” he said.
“I hope that whoever acquires it will maintain it properly and will be willing to share it with everybody," Gutfreund added.
"I hope it will end up in good hands.”
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